【崔海東】論孟子“四端說”對孔子“忠恕觀”一包養網心得的發展

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About Mencius’ “Four Terms”‘s Development of Confucius’ “Loyalty and Forgiving”

Author: Cui Haidong

Source: Author Authorized Confucian Network Published

                                                                                                                                                                                                                             href=”https://twsugarhoney520.org/”>Inclusive of the three principles of car-raising, mental development and self-advancing and others, the “four-end statements” are proposed, which contains the transformation mechanism, and constitutes the complete “inner sage” of “original intentions and conscience → four natures → four hearts/four ends → four virtues → become oneself → and people → love things → know heaven/serve heaven”. The system of “outer king” is opened.

Keywords:Loyalty and forgiveness; four ends; inner sage; outer king; inner transformation

“Four ends” is one of Mencius’ main ideological contents, and the pure relationship between Confucius’ “loyalty and forgiveness” has not been valued. In summary, Mencius proposed the “four ends” on the basis of inheriting the “loyalty and forgiveness” and used it as the focus to form a thinking system that opens the “outer king” from “inner sage”, which has the main meaning for studying the development of late Confucianism.

1. “Loyalty and Forgiving View” and “Four Terms”

Confucius proposed “Loyalty and Forgiving View” in “Theory”. The Master said, “Will you go! I will take care of it.” Zengzi said, “The Master’s way is loyalty and forgiveness.” (“The Book of Songs·Li Ren”) In this article, “loyalty” means “to stand up and establish others, and to achieve others if you want to reach them” (“The Book of Songs·Yongye”), and “forgiveness” means “do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you” (“The Book of Songs·Hui Linggong”). This article discusses the relationship between loyalty and forgiveness, and regards it as a whole, and concludes that this “loyalty and forgiveness” system has three principles: one is the independent subject principle, which is consistent with the self-value and other people’s value under the condition of accepting the value of the subject itself. On the one hand, what you do not want to do: confess that this subject has the right and value of not wanting to be harmed, occupied, or punished. On the other hand, oneself and oneself: to express the natural rights and values ​​of this subject, oneself and oneself. Finally: This subject has moral obligations that should not be done to others. The second is to emphasize the principles of oneself and others, and to align the rights and responsibilities of the subjective moral connotation. On the one hand, it protects the rights and values ​​of others from harm. On the other hand, it helps others realize their value while achieving their value. The third is to think about the principle of infecting the subject, and to align the subject’s mind-to-conscious infection with the internal ethical norms. On the one hand, what you do not want to be invaded by others: you have the value and benefits of not wanting to be invaded by others, and focus on “desire” and the development of your own heart. On the other hand, the founder: he has someone who wants to establish and establish, and on the same sideMore important than “desire”. In these three aspects, “loyalty and forgiving” will establish the realization of the subject’s value based on the mindset of people, so that the subject’s moral rights and rights are unified with helping others, that is, the self is united with adulthood, and the former is finally completed under the conditions of the latter. Although “loyalty and forgiving” is one of the focus concepts of Confucius’ benevolence, in “Theory”, the relationship between “loyalty and forgiving” and its logical metaphysical nature of mind and nature has not been disclosed, and the concepts of self-representation and others have not been able to further develop and integrate the thinking of “loyalty and forgiving” [1].

Mencius proposed href=”https://twpinkhoney.net/”>Integrate the “Four Terms”, the content is: the original intention and conscience of a person contains the “four natures” of benevolence and kindness, which is the body of the original intention and kindness; the original intention and kindness of touching things and transforming them into the form of the form is the “four virtues” of benevolence and kindness. These four are in fact, but the logic has high and low levels, which constitutes the relationship of “love → push → respect → difference”; The use of the mind is based on the mechanism of mental development. From the unbearable heart, it will become shameful, rebellious, and short-term. It is combined into the “four hearts”, which is the mind and emotions of the moral body, the beginning of the transformation of the metaphysical body to the physical body, and the beginning of the “four virtues” of benevolence and wisdom, so it is the “four ends”; the “four virtues” are the use of the original intention and conscience, and must be finally completed in the achievement of oneself, the people, the kindness, the kindness, the kindness, the love of things, the knowledge of heaven, and the affairs of heaven.

As shown below:

The original heart

↓ (feeling the mind, moving things)

Four natures: Metamorphosis    →      Metamorphosis     →      Metamorphosis     →      Metamorphosis    →      Metamorphosis       Metamorphosis     ↓                    ↓                              ↓                                                                                                                    ↓                 ↓                                                                                                                                                                     ↓                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             �↓               ↓

Become oneself →   Go to others →   Love things →  Know the heaven →   Serve the heaven

2. The connotation of “Four Terms”

Mencius mentioned the “Four Terms” twice, once in the chapter and sentence of “Mencius·Prince of Gongsun Chou” (the following quotes of “Mencius” are all noted only by the title):